The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Twenty-Six

â€Å"Are you sure you don't need us to cal your folks, miss?† The grounds security official's voice was blunt however kind, and his eyes were concerned. For a second, Meredith let herself picture having the sort of guardians he should envision: ones who might plunge in to save their little girl, wrap her up and take her home until the appalling pictures of her companion's passing blurred. Her folks would just tel her to continue ahead with the activity. Tel her that some other response was a disappointment. In the event that she let herself be feeble, more individuals would kick the bucket. All the more so on the grounds that Samantha had been a tracker, from a group of trackers, similar to Meredith. Meredith knew precisely what her dad would have said on the off chance that she had cal ed him. â€Å"Let this be an exercise to you. You are never safe.† â€Å"I'l be okay,† she told the security monitor. â€Å"My flat mates are upstairs.† He let her go, watching her trip the steps with an upset articulation. â€Å"Don't stress, miss,† he cal ed. â€Å"The police wil get this guy.† Meredith bit back her first answer, which was that he was by all accounts placing a ton of confidence in a police power that presently couldn't seem to discover any intimations concerning the whereabouts of the missing individuals or to fathom Christopher's homicide. He was just attempting to comfort her. She gestured to him and gave a little wave. She wasn't any more effective than the police, not even with Samantha's assistance. She wasn't making enough of an effort, had been excessively occupied by the new spot, the new individuals. Why now? Meredith pondered abruptly. It hadn't happened to her previously, however this was the main demise, assault, or vanishing that occurred in an apartment rather than out on the quad or ways of the grounds. Whatever this was, it came after Samantha specifical y. Meredith recalled the dull figure she pursued away after it assaulted a young lady, a young lady who said she didn't recollect that anything. Meredith recal ed the blaze of pale hair as the figure dismissed. Did Samantha bite the dust since they got excessively near the kil er? Her folks were correct. Nobody was ever protected. She expected to work more earnestly, expected to continue ahead with the activity and fol ow up on each lead. Upstairs, Bonnie's bed was vacant. Elena turned upward from where she was lying, nestled into her bed. Some portion of Meredith noticed that Elena's face was wet with tears and realized that standard y she would have dropped everything to comfort her companion, yet now she needed to concentrate on discovering Samantha's kil er. Meredith crossed to her own storeroom, opened it, and pul ed out an overwhelming dark bag and the case for her tracker's fight. â€Å"Where's Bonnie?† she asked, hurling the bag onto her bed and unfastening it. â€Å"She left before I got up,† Elena replied, her voice temperamental. â€Å"I think she had an investigation bunch at the beginning of today. Meredith, what's going on?† Meredith flipped the bag open and started to pul out her blades and tossing stars. â€Å"What's going on?† Elena asked once more, more tenaciously, her eyes wide. â€Å"Samantha's dead,† Meredith stated, testing the edge of a blade against her thumb. â€Å"She was killed in her bed by anything that's been following this grounds, and we have to stop it.† The blade could be more keen †Meredith had been letting her weapons upkeep slide †and she dove taken care of for a whetstone. â€Å"What?† Elena said. â€Å"Oh, no, gracious, Meredith, I'm so sorry.† Tears started to run down her face once more, and Meredith investigated at her, holding out the pack with the fight in it. â€Å"There's a smal black box in my work area with little containers of various toxin removes inside it,† she said. â€Å"Wolfsbane, vervain, snake venoms. We don't have the foggiest idea what we're managing precisely, so you would be advised to fil the hypodermics with an assortment of things. Be careful,† she included. Elena's mouth dropped open, and afterward, following a couple of moments, she shut it immovably and gestured, cleaning her cheeks with the backs of her hands. Meredith realized that her message †grieve later, act now †had been gotten and that Elena, as usual, would work with her. Elena put the fight on her bed and found the crate of toxic substances in Meredith's work area. Meredith looked as Elena made sense of how to fil the little hypodermics inset in the ironwood of the fight, her consistent fingers pul ing them out and working them carefully open. When she was certain Elena recognized what she was doing, Meredith returned to honing her blade. â€Å"They more likely than not come after Samantha intentionally. She was definitely no way victim,† Meredith stated, her eyes on the blade as she drew it rhythmical y against the whetstone. â€Å"I think we have to accept that whoever this is realizes we're chasing him, and that along these lines we're in danger.† She shivered, recalling her companion's body. â€Å"Samantha's demise was brutal.† â€Å"A vehicle attempted to run me and Damon down last night,† Elena said. â€Å"We had been attempting to research something abnormal in the library, however I don't have the foggiest idea whether that is the reason. I was unable to get a gander at the driver.† Meredith stopped in her blade honing. â€Å"I disclosed to you that Samantha and I pursued away somebody assaulting a young lady on campus,† she said mindful y, â€Å"but I didn't tel you a certain something, since I didn't know. I'm stil not sure.† She informed Elena regarding her impressions of the dark clad figure, including the passing impression of pallor underneath the hoodie, of practically white hair. Elena scowled, her fingers floundering on the staff. â€Å"Zander?† she inquired. The two of them took a gander at Bonnie's unmade bed. â€Å"She genuine y likes him,† Meredith said gradually. â€Å"Wouldn't she know whether there was some kind of problem with him? You know†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She made an ambiguous motion around her head, attempting to demonstrate Bonnie's history of dreams. â€Å"We can't depend on that,† Elena stated, grimacing. â€Å"And she doesn't recall the things she sees. I don't believe he's privilege for Bonnie,† she proceeded. â€Å"He's so †I mean, he's attractive, and cordial, however he appears to be off by one way or another, isn't that right? What's more, his companions are jerks. I know it's far from having horrible companions to being sufficiently perilous to accomplish something like this, however I don't trust him.† â€Å"Can you ask Stefan to watch him?† Meredith inquired. â€Å"I realize you're taking a break from dating, yet this is significant, and a vampire would be the best one to watch out for him.† Stefan looked so miserable a few evenings ago, she thought remotely. Is there any good reason why elena shouldn't cal him? Life was short. She felt the sharp edge of the blade against her thumb once more. Better. Putting the honed blade down, she went after another. Elena wasn't replying, and Meredith admired see her gazing hard at the fight, her mouth trembling. â€Å"I †Stefan isn't conversing with me,† she said in a little burst. â€Å"I don't think †I don't have the foggiest idea whether he'd help us.† She shut her mouth immovably, unmistakably not having any desire to discuss it. â€Å"Oh,† Meredith said. It was difficult to envision Stefan not doing what Elena needed, however it was additionally certain that Elena would not like to ask him. â€Å"Should I cal Damon?† she proposed hesitantly. The more established vampire was a torment, and she didn't genuine y trust him, however he was unquestionably acceptable at being subtle. Elena sucked in a breath and afterward gestured energetically, her mouth set. â€Å"No, I'l cal him,† she said. â€Å"I'l request that Damon research Zander.† Meredith murmured and reclined against the wal , letting the blade drop onto her bed. Abruptly, she was frightfully worn out. Hanging tight for Samantha in the exercise center that morning appeared to be a mil particle years prior, however it stil wasn't even noon. She and Elena both took a gander at Bonnie's bed once more. â€Å"We need to converse with her about Zander, don't we?† Elena asked discreetly. â€Å"We need to ask her whether he was with her al the previous evening. What's more, we need to caution her.† Meredith gestured and shut her eyes, letting her head lean against the coolness of the wal , then opened them once more. Worn out as she might have been, she knew the pictures of Samantha's demise would return to her on the off chance that she let herself delay for even a second. She didn't have the opportunity to rest, not while the kil er was out there. â€Å"She won't be glad about it.†

Amphotericin B Essays - Antifungals, RTT, Rare Diseases, Free Essays

Amphotericin B Essays - Antifungals, RTT, Rare Diseases, Free Essays AmB slaughters yeast through particle channel-intervened film permeabilization. This channel model has been reached out to likewise excuse the novel absence of protection from AmB just as its portion restricting poisonousness. This apparent understanding has animated broad research toward the objectives of growing new channel-shaping mixes as putative obstruction stubborn antimicrobial operators or potentially less harmful subordinates of AmB that all the more specifically structure directs in contagious cells versus human cells. This medication ought to be utilized principally for treatment of patients with dynamic and possibly perilous contagious contaminations; it ought not be utilized to treat noninvasive types of parasitic illness, for example, oral thrush, vaginal candidiasis, and esophageal candidiasis in patients with ordinary neutrophil checks. Anticipated Pharmacological Action AmphotericinB deoxycholate is an antifungal operator that follows up on parasitic cell layers to cause cell demise. Contingent upon focus, these specialists can be fungistatic (eases back development on the growth) or fungicidal (crushes the parasite). Remedial Uses Antifungals are the treatment of decision for foundational parasitic disease (Candidiasis, Aspergillosis, Cryptococcosis, Mucormycosis) and nonopportunistic mycoses, (Blastomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis). Some antifungal treat shallow contagious contaminations: dermatophytic diseases (tinea pedis [ringworm of the foot], tinea cruris [ringworm of the groin]); candida contaminations of the skin and mucous layers; and parasitic diseases of the nails (Onychomycosis). Unfriendly effectsNursing Intervention implantation responses (fever, chills, rigors, and cerebral pain) 1 to 3 hr after inception pretreat with diphenhydramine (benadryl) what's more, acetaminophen. meperidine (demerol), dantrolene, or hydrocortisone might be given for rigors. thrombophlebitisobserve implantation destinations for indications of erythema, growing, and agony. turn infusion destinations. oversee in a huge vein and regulate heparin before injecting amphotericin b. nephrotoxicityobtain pattern kidney work (bun and creatinine) and do week after week kidney work tests. screen i&o. implant 1 l of saline upon the arrival of amphotericin b implantation. hypokalemia screen electrolyte levels, particularly potassium. manage potassium supplements in like manner. bone marrow suppressionobtain benchmark CBC and hematocrit, and screen week by week.

Mindfulness Therapy as an Addiction Treatment

Mindfulness Therapy as an Addiction Treatment Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Print Mindfulness Therapy as an Addiction Treatment By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 31, 2020 Dougal Waters / Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Mindfulness is a state of mental awareness and focuses that have been traditionally used in meditation practices, and has recently become popular as an element of certain types of cognitive behavioral therapy, such as Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Dialectic Behavior Therapy. In understanding what mindfulness is, it helps to practice mindfulness yourself. When you are mindful, you are aware of both your external surroundings and your inner experience, including your own responses to what is going on around you, in the present moment. The goal of mindfulness is to become aware without becoming attached to anything you are experiencing. Although mindfulness is not difficult in itself, it requires a certain amount of self-discipline to focus only on the present moment, and not to get caught up in thoughts about the past and the future. For this reason, exercises in mindfulness can be helpful in giving a focus to mindfulness. Examples of mindfulness exercises are the raisin exercise, in which you take your time looking at, smelling, listening to, and eventually eating a raisin, and the body scan, in which you work through your entire body, just feeling the sensations of each body part. How Mindfulness Helps With Addiction You may be wondering how mindfulness can help therapeutically. You are not alone â€" the reaction of many people, when introduced to mindfulness, is Is that it? How is that going to help me quit or make me feel better? One of the most basic ways it makes people feel better is by slowing things down, so you arent rushing from one activity to another, or even one thought to another. By quieting the mental chatter, you can achieve a sense of tranquility that is often the reason people choose to use drugs such as alcohol, marijuana, and opiates. Another way that mindfulness can make you feel better is by allowing you to start to notice many wonderful sensory experiences that occur in everyday life, that we often dont notice. When you allow the beauty of the world around you to fill your consciousness, the world doesnt seem like such a bad place to be. Yu are less likely to seek out pleasure through addictive behaviors when you are enjoying life for its own sake. A third way that mindfulness can make you feel better is that it tends to help you understand your own reactions to things. By understanding your reactions without getting attached to them, you find that you can often let things go that might have provoked you in the past. People often come to new realizations about themselves and the things that trigger them to drink, use drugs, or engage in other addictive behaviors, which can make it easier to respond differently in the future. Mindfulness has been applied effectively to the treatment of addictions. One of the pioneers of the use of mindfulness in cognitive behavioral therapy, Marsha Linehan, developed a new approach to treating Borderline Personality Disorder first with women with chronic substance misuse problems. What Does Mindfulness Involve? Skills taught in mindfulness include: Observation: Paying close attention to what is going on around youDescription: Being able to say what happened and how you felt in wordsParticipation: Becoming involved in an activity without being self-conscious about itTaking a Non-Judgmental Stance: Accepting things as they are rather than judging themFocusing on One Thing in the Moment: Without distraction from other ideas or eventsEffectiveness: Doing what works rather than second-guessing yourself Mindfulness also involves recognizing when you are running on automatic pilot â€" acting without thinking about what you are doing, as well as developing an attitude of loving kindness â€" a friendly, uncritical attitude towards yourself and others. Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention A program of Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention has recently been developed, which combines cognitive-behavioral therapy approaches to preventing relapse with mindfulness practice and relapse prevention. Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention includes the following elements: Automatic pilot and relapseAwareness of triggers and cravingsMindfulness in daily life and in high-risk situationsAcceptance of whatever is happening and acting skillfullyThe role of thoughts in relapseTaking care of yourself as part of a healthy lifestyleSocial support and keeping your mindfulness practice going The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Herman Melvilles Bartleby, the Scrivener Essay - 3521 Words

Herman Melvilles Bartleby, the Scrivener The narrator states fairly early on in Herman Melvilles Bartleby, the Scrivener that both he and Bartleby are sons of Adam (55). The phrase plays on a double entendre, referring to both the Calvinist Biblical Eden and to the view of America as the new Eden. Many recent critics have traced the biblical aspects of this and other elemen ts of the story, claiming the character of Bartleby as a Christ-figure, and as such carries out the role of a redeemer.1 The story, however, is not Bartlebys, but rather the narrators. Bartleby is simultaneously a biography about a scriven er and an autobiography about an entrepreneur, and Melville uses this narrative to attack the mythology previous†¦show more content†¦The new habits to be engendered on the new American scene were suggested by the image of a radically new personality, the hero of the new adventure: an individual emancipated from history, happily bereft of ancestry, untouched and undefiled by the usual inheritances of family an d race; and individual standing alone, self-reliant and self propelling, ready to confront whatev er awaited him with the aid of his own unique and inherent resources. ...His moral position was prior to experience, and in his very newness he was fundamentally innocent. (Lewis 5) Relatively early in his life, Franklin rejected his familial bonds and struck out on his own. He writes in part one of his Autobiography:2 At length a fresh Difference arising between my brother and me, I took upon me to assert my Freedom, presuming that he would not venture to produce new indentures (70). The remainder of part one details the various adv entures he undertakes, the mistakes he made -- or errata as he terms them -- and his ultimate success as a printer in Philadelphia. It is this narrative, and those which followed, which created the uniquely American phenomena Lewis describes as the American Adam. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is Americas primary Epic. ...[I]t is, at least from the point of view of its rhetoric, [American] culture itselfShow MoreRelated Herman Melvilles Bartleby the Scrivener Essay541 Words   |  3 Pages Bartleby- The Scrivener In Herman Melville’s â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener†, the author uses several themes to convey his ideas. The three most important themes are alienation, man’s desire to have a free conscience, and man’s desire to avoid conflict. Melville uses the actions of an eccentric scrivener named Bartleby, and the responses of his cohorts, to show these underlying themes to the reader. The first theme, alienation, is displayed best by Bartleby’s actions. He has a divider put up so that theRead More Themes of Hopelessness in Herman Melville’s Bartleby the Scrivener1233 Words   |  5 Pagesvalidity of our literary analyses. This is especially the case with Herman Melville’s â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener†. Critics have been trying for decades to make sense of the text and most will describe it as â€Å"inscrutable†. I don’t claim to know better than the critics, but instead offer my own interpretation of the work. Based on my observations and analysis, Melville’s use of many elements in his story—first and foremost the character of Bartleby, but also the dead letters, the many walls of Wall Street, andRead MoreHerman Melvilles Story, Bartleby, the Scrivener Essay835 Words   |  4 Pages In Herman Melvilles short story, Bartleby, the Scrivener, the narrators attitude towards Bartleby is constantly changing, the narrators attitude is conveyed through the authors use of literary elements such as; diction-descriptive and comical, point of view-first person, and tone-confusion and sadness. One of the literary elements that Melville uses that convey the narrators attitude towards Bartleby is diction. The authors diction in this short story is very descriptive and is also slightlyRead MoreEssay on Herman Melvilles Bartleby the Scrivener1090 Words   |  5 PagesSince he will not quit me, I must quit him. amp;quot;Ah Bartleby, Ah Humanity.amp;quot; (Page 140, Herman Melville) This is the key to Bartleby, written by Herman Melville, for it indicates that Bartleby stands as a symbol for humanity. This in turn functions as a commentary on society and the working world, for Bartleby is a seemingly homeless, mentally disturbed scrivener who gives up on the prospect of living life. However, by doing so Bartleby is attempting to exercise his freewill, for he wouldRead More The Plight of the Common Man in Herman Melvilles Bartleby, the Scrivener4258 Words   |  18 Pageskinship- with the emerging voice of the individual. (Strout 1) Herman Melville depicts the struggle for individual sovereignty in his short story Bartleby the Scrivener; through the actions and the attitudes of the elite narrator in the story, the deceptiveness of democracy is evident. The ideology of democracy purports that all men are created equal and are equally represented in the voice of government. Yet, the scriveners as common men are separated from the elite narrator who creates theRead MoreComparing Barttleby, The Scrivener : A Story Of Wall Street And Bartleby1308 Words   |  6 Pagesthe short story Bartleby, the Scrivener: A story of Wall Street and compare it to Jonathan Parkers 2001 film version Bartleby. Herman Melville wrote the short story â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener: A story of wall street† in 1853, narrating a tale from a lawyer about his strange behaved office clerk Bartleby. In 2001 Johnathan Parker of Parker productions turned that story into a film, â€Å"Bartleby.† However, Jonathan Parker makes many c hanges from the classic original wrote by Herman Melville in 1853Read MoreA Man s World On Wall Street1638 Words   |  7 PagesWhat makes a man, a man? Herman Melville’s â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener,† written in 1851, undoubtedly constructs a man’s world on Wall Street. During this time, it would be said that men and women had a certain role to fulfill. It just so happened that men were considered superior over women during the 1800’s. However, Melville wasn’t completely prosperous exterminating women from his narrative. Herman Melville’s â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener,† is full of male characters. Bartleby, Turkey, Nippers, and GingerRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club And Bartleby The Scrivener1376 Words   |  6 Pagesenthralled with Amy Tan’s ‘The Joy Luck Club’ and Herman Melville’s ‘Bartleby, the Scrivener,’ as I resonated well with its main characters; just as the characters gradually developed in their respective stories, I found that I, too, developed by applying the story s main motifs to my life. My appreciation for ‘Bartleby’ developed over the two days that I had read it. Upon the first night’s reading of half of Herman Melville’s ‘Bartleby, the Scrivener,’ I considered the story and its characters toRead MoreHerman Melville s Bartleby, The Scrivener1305 Words   |  6 PagesHerman Melville’s Bartleby, the Scrivener Born in New York City on August 1st, 1819, Herman Melville led a life that commenced in partial fame and success, but ended in poverty and despair. Although unjustly criticized for the â€Å"purposeless extravagance† and â€Å"disorderliness† of his writing, due to his digressions into many different topics while discussing a single one, especially in his most celebrated novel today, though most criticized and unappreciated in his time, Moby Dick, Herman MelvilleRead MorePlot, Setting, Point of View, and Tone in Bartleby the Scrivener1393 Words   |  6 Pages In the short story, Bartleby the Scrivener, Herman Melville employs the use of plot, setting, point of view, characterization, and tone to reveal the theme. Different critics have widely varying ideas of what exactly the main theme of Bartleby is, but one theme that is agreed upon by numerous critics is the theme surrounding the lawyer, Bartleby, and humanity. The theme in Bartleby the Scrivener revolves around three main developments: Bartlebys existentialistic point of view, the lawyers

Effects Of Divorce On Children And The Parents - 929 Words

Marriage is a vow taken by two people who have chosen to spend the rest of their lives together. The decision to divorce was created to be able to release on spouse out of the relationship when the other broke their vows at a high enough offense. After the laws of divorce became much easier, the rates of divorce became a lot higher as well. If the laws to divorce became more difficult, the levels of divorce wouldn t be as high and many would think a more before entering into marriage so quickly. In this paper, the affects of children in divorce vs two parent relationships will show that it is a negative affect to divorce. Along with the financial burdens they place on both spouses, during the process of divorce and after. Also the mockery of marriage that is being made by straight couples, while gay couples struggle to have the right to marry each other at all. The result of the research was that there was that divorce does have a large number of negative effects on children and the parents’ finances but there is no clear reason if harder laws would lower marriage rates. Marriage is a sacred vow, which should be taken seriously and respected if two people decide to enter that relationship. Considering in other countries and cultures being able to choose whom you want to marry is not allowed, after the difficult task of find that special person, staying together with your spouse should be the easy part. According to the â€Å"Encyclopedia of Psychology† about 40 to 50 percentShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Divorce On Children And Their Parents Essay1270 Words   |  6 PagesDivorce is a life-transforming event that is caused by and lead to a variety of different conditions. Above all else, divorce has a huge influence on children and their parents, respectively. For parents who are getting divorced, it is crucially important to keep an eye on kids’ mental conditions and behavior – for children found themselves lost in such â€Å"unfamiliar† situation (Raynish, 2007). It has been researched by American Psychological Association (2016) that the divorce rate significantlyRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Children From Divorced Parents And Intact Families Essay1590 Words   |  7 PagesWith divorce rates rising over the years, over 50 percent of marriages will end in a divorce. Is this high divorce rate affecting the children from these divorced families, and if so how is it affecting the children? Or what if a married couple who is unhappy decides to stay together for the children? How does an intact but unhappy family affect the children? So to answer your questions Dr. Phil, I have put together a report from many different books, articles and studies on the effects on a childRead MoreEffect Of Divorce On Children1045 Words   |  5 Pagesthat the effects of divorce on children are hard to handle. In some cases, they are extreme and require counselling and therapy to help. In other cases, the child doesn’t even realize anything is wrong o r is too young to understand it. Divorce causes many different types of issues in the parents; including depression. Which then in turn, affects the children. Divorce has many life changing effects on the whole entire family. Studies have proven that there are many negative effects on children as a resultRead MoreThe Struggle of Divorce1040 Words   |  4 PagesThe Struggle of Divorce By definition, divorce is to break the marriage contract between oneself and one’s spouse by a judicial declaration dissolving a marriage in whole or in part. This is a result of tension which is a mental or emotional strain of a relationship between individuals. When going through the process of divorce, most of children’s opinions are left out of the process. This causes a great deal of tension for the children. Many children become very stressed during this process becauseRead MoreHow Divorce Affects A Child s Development Essay888 Words   |  4 Pagestoday s society, divorce or remarriage rate has been growing rapidly. Divorces is a legal action between married people that is on longer together. Over the last twenty-five years, several studies has indicated that divorce process may affect family characteristics and most especially children s cognitive performance. Divorce changes children s lives through parental emotion and behavior. Divorce may also increase th e risk of negative outcomes for younger and older children. Children from infant andRead MoreEffects of Divorce on Children Essay869 Words   |  4 Pagesthat 50% of marriages end in divorce. It is an even more unfortunate situation when there are children involved. The psychological effects from the dissolution of a marriage are harder on children because they usually feel it is their fault that mommy and daddy are not together anymore. However, there are some instances where divorce is less stressful on the children, even the whole family unit, than the actual marriage itself. Lets explore both scenarios. Divorce can cause stress and anxietyRead MoreEssay on Effects of Divorce on Children Today812 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Divorce on Children Today Divorce and its effects on children are common issues that are on the rise in the world today. Divorce affects more than just the married couple. Children often bear the brunt of divorce, which makes divorce a complicated decision for most parents. 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Geocentric Orientations Free Essays

Dr. Howard V. Perlmutter is a world authority on globalisation and pioneer on the internationalisation of firms, cities and other institutions. We will write a custom essay sample on Geocentric Orientations or any similar topic only for you Order Now Trained as a mechanical engineer and as a social psychologist, Perlmutter joined Wharton’s faculty in 1969. He specialised in the evolution of multinational corporations (MNCs) making predictions to how their viability and legitimacy would change. Perlmutter is the first academic who identified distinctive managerial orientations of international companies. The more one penetrates into the living reality of an international firm, the more one finds it necessary to give serious weight to the way executives think about doing business around the world†. These organisational world views are shaped by a number or factors such as the circumstances during which the company was formed, the CEO’s leadership style, its administrative processes, the organisational myths and traditions. Perlmutter stated that these cultural orientations determine the way strategic decisions are made and how the relationship between headquarters and its subsidiaries is shaped.In 1969 he bundled his insights by publishing the EPG model. Perlmutter’s EPG model states that senior management at an international organisation holds one of three primary orientations when building and expanding its multinational capabilities: 1. ETHOCENTRIC (home country orientation) The general attitude of a firm’s senior management team is that nationals from t he organisation’s home country are more capable to drive international activities forward than non-native employees working at its headquarters or subsidiaries.The practices and policies of headquarters and of the operating company in the home country become the default standard to which all subsidiaries need to comply. This mind set has as advantages that it overcomes a potential shortage of qualified managers in host nations by expatriating managers from the home country, creates a unified corporate culture and helps transfer core competences more easily by deploying nationals throughout the organisation. The main disadvantages are that an ethnocentric mindset can lead to cultural short-sightedness and to not romoting the best and brightest in a firm. 2. POLYCENTRIC (host country orientation) This world view has as dominant assumption that host country cultures are different making a centralised, one-size-fits-all approach unfeasible. Local people know what is best for their operation and should b given maximum freedom to run their affairs as they see fit. This view alleviates the chance of cultural myopia and is often less expensive to implement than ethnocentricity because it needs less expatriate managers to be send out and centralised policies to be maintained.The drawbacks of this attitude a re that it can limit career mobility for both local and foreign nationals, isolate headquarters from foreign subsidiaries and reduces opportunities to achieve synergy. 3. GEOCENTRIC (world orientation) This orientation does not equate superiority with nationality. Within legal and political limits, executives try to seek the best men, regardless of nationality, to solve the company’s problems wherever in the world they occur. This attitude uses human resources efficiently and furthermore helps to build a strong culture and informal management networks.Drawbacks are that national immigration policies may put limits to its implementation and it might be a bit expensive compared to polycentrism. It attempts to balance both global integration and local responsiveness. Perlmutter’s observation was that most MNCs start out with an ethnocentric view, slowly evolve to polycentrism and finally adopt geocentrism as the organisation familiarises itself more and more with conducting business on a global playing field. In 1979 Perlmutter and his collague David A.Heenan added a fourth orientation to create the EPRG model: the R stands for a regiocentric approach falling in between a polycentric and geocentric orientation. Regiocentric or regional orientation is defined as a functional rationalization on a more-than-one country basis. Subsidiaries get grouped into larger regional entities. Regions are consistent with some natural boundaries, such as the Europe, America and Asia-Pacific. Both polycentric and regiocentric approaches allow for more local responsiveness, with less corporate integration. ssets: ep[r]g ProvenModels editor PM 50 KB pros: The orientation of the dominant senior management group influences and shapes diverse aspects of a multinational enterprise, including strategy, structural design, pricing, resource allocation, and administrative processes. The study made managers aware that culture was an important aspect to consider in (international) business affairs. It started a whole series of studies on culture in the business environment.The model provides insight in how an international organisation evolves in time and what organisational and staffing challenges lay ahead. The EP[R]G mix can be used to determine how far an organisation has internationalised. cons: The model is organisation centred disallowing environmental influences. Its international orientation is measured solely on internal aspects. In the real world these orientations never appear in a pure form. In any organisation some degree of ethnocentricity, polycentricity or geocentricity are present. How to cite Geocentric Orientations, Papers

Environmental Economics and Securing Policy

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Economics and Securing Policy. Answer: Introduction: Environmental economics and policies regarding sustainable development have become a major issue in the world today. All the nations are now concerned about sustainability. Like rest of the world, Australia also has designed environmental protection legislations. One of the major issues in Australias environment is the damaging of the Great Barrier Reef. This is one of the most attractive natural wonders and the largest coral reef of the world. It is listed on the World Heritage List since 1981. It is not only admired for its beauty, but it presents a major biological diversity also. However, with time the reef is getting decayed and to protect the reef the Australian government formulated Reef 2050 long term Sustainability Plan by involving the science, society and government (Environment.gov.au. 2017). The reef 2050 plan is a supporting plan to the original Act of 1975, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975. The main objective of that plan was to provide long term conservation and protection of the environment and its biodiversity and heritage value of the Great Barrier Reef (Dss.gov.au. 2017). The other objectives were to spread the awareness of the region among the people by opening a park, where people could come and enjoy, as well as learn more about the national heritage. In March 2015, the Australian government announced the Reef 2050 plan. This aims to increase the sustainable activities revolving around the reef to give more protection to save the natures wonders for future generation. Hence, the Australian government developed this environmental legislation, which is set for the next 35 years (Environment.gov.au. 2016). The most significant threat to Great Barrier Reef is the climate change. According to the governmental organization, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA), the other major threats to the reef are poor water quality coming from land, effects of coastal development projects, increase in fishing activities, ocean acidification, oil in the water, storms, and coral bleaching. However, the reef scientists say that the damage is due to the cumulative effect of many such reasons. The increase in the number of visitors to the park and increasing pollution are also responsible for the damage of the reef (Gbrmpa.gov.au. 2017). The reef 2050 plan is developed primarily to combat the challenges of the survival of the reef. It is important to reduce the pollutant activities and other negative externalities to conserve this national heritage and for doing so, formulation of legislation is the best way to stop the damaging activities as well as increasing the awareness (Business.gov.au. 2017). In Reef 2050 plan, the government plans to spend more than AUD 2 billion in the next decade. This plan brings together the government, industrialists, scientists, researchers, commercial and residential owners, and the society. The major actions of this plan comprise of management of the reef, which includes (Authority, G.B.R.M.P. 2015); reducing industrial wastes and pumping the wastages into the ocean, banning of disposals in the park region, prohibition of any further development or expansion of new ports in the nearby region, improvement in the plans for shipping and fishing in the reef region, providing extra protection to the turtles and dugongs, reducing the pesticides load, sediment load, nitrogen load in the agricultural sector to reduce the water pollution, appointing a Minister from Queensland for the supervision of the Great Barrier Reef. The government has planned for more than AUD 2 billion for the above mentioned plan. Along with that, it has created a trust fund of AUD 40 million for research and management of improving water quality and reducing pollution (Legislation.gov.au. 2017). Success of the policy so far: There has been significant progress towards betterment of the condition of the reef after the implementation of the Reef 2050 plan. This policy targets integration of different levels of supervision of the environmental factors to improve the condition of the reef. This is a policy for sustainable development. Hence, the government has put substantial amount of investment in various segments of this policy. So far, the researchers found that the quality of the water entering the reef has improved significantly due to better land management. Five big industrial ports had proposed 18 months ago, to dispose of capital scoured constituents in the marine park. The government has brought it down to zero through regulations. They also put permanent ban on disposal of capital dredged materials in the reef region and put restrictions on the expansions of the ports (Dale et al. 2016). The first major attempt of the plan was to improve the water quality entering the reef from the land. Since 2003, there has been implementation of Reef Water Quality Protection Plan, which helps in reducing water pollution. 35 major river basins drain the 424,000 sq km of the coastal regions of Queensland and this huge amount of run-off goes in to the reef. The land based run-offs include industrial and residential wastages. The developmental plan helped to reduce the water pollution significantly. The pesticide load is reduced by 28%, sediment load by 11%, nitrogen load by 10% (Hughes, Day and Brodie 2015) To reduce the effects of climate control, the government has taken the effort of reducing carbon-di-oxide emission. If it is kept at or below 380 parts per million, then the corals would be moderately vulnerable and they would dominate the reef. Other measures include (Wallace et al. 2015): controls on coastal developmental projects, reducing ocean acidification, controlling the population of coral eating Crown of Thorns starfish with the help of organic nitrogen injections, managing shipping movements by reducing number of ships per day and focusing on the new technologies for ship tracking and giving alerts for ship breakdown, reducing fishing activities and encouraging ecologically sustainable practices of fishing, providing net-free zones for fishing, and application of knowledge, science and technology (Brodie and Waterhouse 2016). Recommendation: The Great Barrier Reef is a natural wonder, and not a museum piece, which stays in a constant state. Hence, the preservation and conservation of the reef requires effort of a different level. Although the Australian government has invested a huge money and effort for the reduction of further damage to the Great Barrier Reef, and the plans are yielding good results, still there is scope for improvement (Woodford 2014). Empowering the GBRMPA: the power of GBRMPA should be increased for the best interest of the park. It does not have much authority required for dealing with government or industry for various issues. The authoritys culture should be rebooted with more power to take steps for the betterment of the reef. Disallowing the controversial issues in the marine ecosystem: there are many controversial issues such as dredging and waste mismanagement from the industries, which affect the reef. Such issues should be handled on a priority basis. Dumping of waste near the reef is more controversial than development of protection zones, hence, that should be addressed first. Pushing the country to develop renewable source of energy and reduce the usage of coal: coal extraction must be reduced to save the reef. Renewable source of energy is now more preferred than coal. Coal is not only used domestically, but is exported also. The dependency on coal should be reduced by using renewable source of energy (Grech, Pressey and Day 2015). Tighter control on agriculture: the beef cattle grazing industry and sugarcane production use many pesticides, which needs to be controlled. Pushing the establishment of the management plans for Coral Sea Marine Reserve: this is the worlds largest single gazetted marine park. The Coral Sea Marine Reserve and Great Barrier Reef Marine Park are two neighboring parks and the marine species and ecosystems are dependent on each other. Hence, the management should be efficient to protect these ecosystems from commercial fishing (Pandolfi 2016). Making fishing control more strict to maintain the ecosystem of the reef: this is a critical aspect for both commercial and non-commercial fishers. The actions taken by the commercial and recreational fishers to remove predatory fishes have helped in the maintenance of the ecosystem of the reef. Such actions should be taken more frequently. The standard of ships passing through needs to be improved: the GBRMPA states that the shipping traffic consists of around 2000 ships making approximately 7000 voyages. With the increase in the mining activities in Queensland, this traffic is expected to rise. Hence, the standard of the ships passing through the reef region must be of improved quality so that wreckage, breakdowns, oil spills can be reduced. A huge oil spill can wreck havoc on the reef. Restore and enhance the budget for marine science research with high priority: many reef specialists and scientists are not employed in the research projects for the reef. To utilize the full potential of the researchers and have latest scientific techniques to save the reef, more budget should be allocated and more projects should be launched for extensive research on the reef. Boosting the research for measures of climate control: more research works should be undertaken to boost the measures of climate control. It is important to ensure the survival of the corals and scientists are interrogating the methods if the heat resistant corals can be translocated from much warmer waters to regions that are more southern. This might increase the chance for their survival (Pandolfi 2016). Conclusion: The Great Barrier Reef is a national identity of Australia. It is the worlds largest system of coral reef. It is situated on the east coast of Queensland, Australia, in the Coral Sea. Two great constant changes of the reef are destruction and regeneration. It is never same all the time. Hence, preserving this natural wonder is extremely important for a sustainable future. The Australian government has implemented many policies over the years to protect and conserve this structure. Along with the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act of 1975, it has introduced Reef 2050 Long Term Sustainability Plan for more and better protection of the reef. It has put more efforts in the research and science to invent and improve ways for handling climate change, water quality, fishing activities, shipping traffic, ocean acidification, and coral bleaching in and around the reef region. There has been much progress so far, however, there are still ways that can be practiced and implemented to save the c oral reef. References: Authority, G.B.R.M.P., 2015. Great barrier reef outlook report 2015. Brodie, J. and Waterhouse, J., 2016. Great Barrier Reef (Australia): A Multi-ecosystem Wetland with a Multiple Use Management Regime. Business.gov.au., 2017. Environmental legislation. [online] Available at: https://www.business.gov.au/info/run/environmental-management/environmental-legislation [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Dale, A.P., Vella, K., Pressey, R.L., Brodie, J., Gooch, M., Potts, R. and Eberhard, R., 2016. Risk analysis of the governance system affecting outcomes in the Great Barrier Reef.Journal of Environmental Management,183, pp.712-721. Dss.gov.au., 2017. Environmental Policy. [online] Available at: https://www.dss.gov.au/about-the-department/policies-legislation/departments-corporate-policies/environmental-policy [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Environment.gov.au., 2016. Highlights of the Reef 2050 Long-Term Sustainability Plan. [online] Available at: https://www.environment.gov.au/marine/gbr/publications/highlights-long-term-sustainability-plan [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Environment.gov.au., 2017. The Great Barrier Reef. [online] Available at: https://www.environment.gov.au/marine/gbr [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Gbrmpa.gov.au., 2017. Legislation, regulations and policies - GBRMPA. [online] Available at: https://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/about-us/legislation-regulations-and-policies#leg_spec_gbrmp [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Grech, A., Pressey, R.L. and Day, J.C., 2015. Coal, Cumulative Impacts, and the Great Barrier Reef.Conservation Letters. Hughes, T.P., Day, J.C. and Brodie, J., 2015. Securing the future of the Great Barrier Reef.Nature Climate Change,5(6), pp.508-511. Legislation.gov.au., 2017. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975. [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00551 [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Pandolfi, J., 2016. Five things we can do right now to save the Great Barrier Reef. The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/commentisfree/2016/jun/13/five-things-we-can-do-right-now-to-save-the-great-barrier-reef [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Wallace, R., Huggins, R., Smith, R.A., Turner, R.D.R., Garzon-Garcia, A. and Warne, M.S.J., 2015. Total suspended solids, nutrient and pesticide loads (20122013) for rivers that discharge to the Great Barrier ReefGreat Barrier Reef Catchment Loads Monitoring Program 20122013. Department of Science.Information Technology and Innovation. Brisbane, p.3. Woodford, J., 2014. 10 steps to save the Great Barrier Reef. The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/28/10-steps-to-save-the-great-barrier-reef [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017].

The film ”Patton” Essay Sample free essay sample

The moviePatton. a 1970 play picturing General George Patton and his actions during World War II. was directed by Franklin Shaffner and written by Francis Ford Coppola and Edmund North. It stars George C. Scott as Patton. with Karl Malden. Michael Bates and Karl Michael Vogler. It received an Academy Award for Best Picture every bit good as winning Oscars in seven other classs. including the Best Actor award to Scott. who refused to accept it. which is a manner of accepting it with more noise than usual. It has been declared ‘culturally significant’ by the Library of Congress and is now preserved in the National Film Registry. The opening scene. in which Scott. dressed as the general. delivers a stirring soliloquy while standing in forepart of an outsize American flag sets the tone for the movie. This scene has been parodied and quoted over the old ages. and is assumed by many to be historically accurate. We will write a custom essay sample on The film †Patton† Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This movie has blurred the often-fine line between fact and fiction and is taken as fact by legion pupils of history. Patton is depicted as an egomaniac who is in ferocious competition with General Montgomery of Great Britain. an every bit egomaniacal officer of the Allied Forces. His brusque mode and deficiency of societal accomplishments gets Patton into problem with both a hostile imperativeness and the military bid. At last he pays bow to General Omar Bradley. once his subsidiary. and is given bid of the U. S. Third Army. Patton believes in reincarnation and has strong geo-political positions that frequently conflicted with U. S. Army policy. Patton drives his bid deep into Germany and is a successful and superb general. The movie. nevertheless. wages equal attending to his dark side and is a practical psychological profile of the American war Godhead who claimed to hold fought with Caesar in a former life. every bit good as keeping bid places in countless other ground forcess i n countless other centuries. The subject of the film is the glorification of war. Patton says that no 1 of all time won a war by deceasing for his state ; the manner to win a war is to do your opposition dice for his state. He so spends his screen life seeking to do that go on. Motifs trade with the struggles in Patton’s life and his apparently suicidal run. His volatile personality. while colourful and exciting to watch onscreen. is damaging to good order in any wartime ground forces. This film serves to exemplify the fact that Patton. as a film character. is entertaining. while Patton as a superior officer would hold been a small piece of snake pit. His slapping of a shell-shocked solder is depicted as testimony to his passion. but is a major blooper. if he does it for consequence. It enrages American parents who have boies in the war and costs him the bid he so severely craved. Pattonwon Academy Awards for best effects and best redaction. The visuals of this film are stupefying both in the conflict scenes every bit good as the elegant interior shootings of beautiful Italian Villa. commandeered by Allied bid. Under the auspices of cameraman Fred Koenekamp the movie is breathtaking. Its conflict scenes take up the full screen and have majesty and a pragmatism non seen today with the modern movie makers’ leaning for digitalized effects. These may be all right for word picture of events that can non really go on. such as foreign invasions. However it does non keep a taper to existent events staged by superb movie Masterss. Patton occurs in a clip when America believed in itself. It was a clip when Americans believed themselves to be morally and culturally superior to everyone else in the universe. Americans had a can-do attitude. Patton says that America has neer lost a war. He is a hero in the clip when hero-worship is in trend. Americans. during World War II saw the word in blunt black and white. there were no sunglassess of grey. Patton. the movie. capitalise on this phenomenon. successfully recapturing a spirit of the state that had non been seen in over 20 old ages. America was get downing to see that Viet Nam was non merely unwinnable. but besides possibly incorrect. This was a arresting realisation to the American people. Patton put the American mind back on path. It is an inspiring film. and has a rah-rah spirit to it. It is reported the Richard Nixon screened it at the White House instantly before he gave orders to occupy Cambodia. misleading. obfuscating facts and out-right prevarication to t he American people. Possibly the spirit of Patton gave him the enteric fortitude and the sheer saddle sore and presumption to make it. Personally I think the movie is a chef-doeuvre and a legitimate American hoarded wealth. However. the one job that I see is in the glory of war. I believe in the thought behind the quotation mark attributed to Georges Clemenceau. ‘War is much excessively serious a affair to be entrusted to military work forces. ’ I think that monster films are all right. but we do non believe in monsters. However. we do believe in war. and its glory can turn out unsafe to a free society. I am non a pacificist and I believe in contending for one’s household and national individuality. What I am stating is that it is unsafe to do sufferer and while it is merely natural to be thankful to a military which keeps us free. immature people should see that work forces such as George Patton are non Gods. but simply retainers of a free people. and must be capable to strong civilian inadvertence. This is non covered good plenty in Patton for my gustatory sensation. Plants Cited Patton. Director Frank Shaffner. Performers George C. Scott. Karl Malden. Michael Bates and Karl Michael Vogler. 1970

August Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays

August Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays Although the United States doesnt celebrate any official holidays during the month of August, the eighth month of the Gregorian calendar does celebrate the birthdays of many famous inventors, writers, scientists, and creators- find out who shares your August birthday. August is also the month when many great inventions, works of art, and scientific discoveries were first patented, trademarked, or copyrighted, so if youre looking for what happened on this day in history during the month of August, theres plenty to discover. Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights From the copyright registration of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to Thomas Edisons invention of the kinetographic  camera, August has celebrated a number of patents, trademarks, and copyrights throughout the years. August 1 1900: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum was copyright registered.1941: The first Jeep rolled off the assembly line, and Willy’s Truck Company was the first company to create a jeep. August 2 1904: A patent for a glass shaping machine was granted to Michael Owen. The immense production of glass bottles and jars today owes its inception to this invention. August 3 1897: The Street Car Controller was patented by Walter Knight and William Potter. August 4 1970: Poppin Fresh was trademark registered by the Pillsbury Company. August 5 1997: Patent Number 5,652,975 was issued for an automatic talking potty apparatus to Glory Hoskin. August 6 1935:  William Coolidge obtained a patent for the cathode ray tube, a critical ingredient of TV and other electronic applications. August 7 1906: The Flexible Flyer was trademark registered.1944: The worlds first program-controlled calculator, popularly called the Harvard Mark I, was inaugurated. The machine was built by Harvard researcher Howard Aiken  and supported by IBM. August 8 1911: Patent Number 1,000,000 was issued to Francis Holton for a vehicle tire. August 9 1898:  Rudolf Diesel of France was granted patent Number 608,845 for an internal combustion engine known as the Diesel engine. August 10 1909: The Ford  trademark was registered by the Ford Motor Corporation. August 11 1942: Hedy Markey received a patent for a secret communication system.1950:  Steve Wozniak was born, the co-founder of Apple Computers. August 12 1930: Clarence Birdseye patented a method for packaging frozen foods. August 13 1890: A publisher copyright registered an edition of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter. August 14 1889: The Washington Post March by John Phillip Sousa was copyright registered.1984: IBM released MS-DOS version 3.0. IBM first approached Bill Gates and Microsoft to discuss the state of home computers in 1980. August 15 1989: President George Bush issued a proclamation commemorating the bicentennial anniversary of the first patent and copyright laws. August 16 1949: Patent Number 2,478,967 was granted to Leonard Greene of Mineola, NY for an airplane stall warning device. August 17 1993: Patent Number 5,236,208 was issued to Thomas Welsh for a platform steerable skateboard. August 18 1949:  Plant Patent  Number 1 was issued to Henry Bosenberg of New Brunswick, NJ, for a climbing rose. August 19 1919: Hostess was trademark registered by William B. Ward.1888: The first world beauty contest was held in Belgium, an 18-year-old West Indian woman won. August 20 1930:  Philo Farnsworth patented a television. August 21 1888: The first practical adding listing machine (calculator) was patented by William Burroughs. August 22 1952: The Television Show Adventures of Superman was copyright registered.1932: The BBS began experimental regular television broadcasts. August 23 1977: The name Cincinnati Bengals was trademark registered.1904: The automobile tire chain was patented. August 24 1993: Patent Number 5,238,437 for a Bubble Dispensing Doll was issued to Vowles, Barad, Smith,  and Stern. August 25 1814: The British burnt Washington, D.C., however, the Patent Office was saved by the British Superintendent of Patents, Dr. William Thornton. August 26 1902: Arthur McCurdy obtained a patent for a daylight developing tank for roll film. August 27 1855: Clara Barton became the first female federal employee to achieve equal status when she was hired by the Patent Office as a clerk August 28 1951: Oral B (the famous line of dental products) was trademark registered. August 29 1893: Whitcomb Judson received a patent for the zipper. August 30 1968: The song Hey Jude by John Lennon and Paul McCartney was copyright registered.1994: IBM announced it would not oppose Microsofts attempt to trademark the name Windows. August 31 1897:  Thomas Edison patented a kinetographic camera. August Birthdays From the birth of the famed French fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent to that of German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz, there are many famous August birthdays. August 1 1849: George Mercer Dawson was a famous Canadian scientist.1889: John F Mahoney developed a penicillin treatment for syphilis.1936: Yves Saint Laurent is considered the greatest French fashion designer of the 20th century. August 2 1834: Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was the French sculptor who patented the  Statue of Liberty.1835:  Elisha Grey  was an inventor who invented the early telephone.1926: Betsy Bloomingdale founded the famous department store. August 3 1959: Koichi Tanaka is a famous Japanese scientist  who shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2002 for work with mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules. August 4 1755: Nicolas-Jacque Conte invented the  modern pencil.1859: Knut Hamsun was a Norwegian writer who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1920 and wrote many Neo-Romantic novels like Hunger, Mysteries, Pan, and Victoria. August 5 1540: Joseph Justice Scaliger invented Julian dating.1802: Niels H. Abel was a Norwegian mathematician who invented Abels Comparisons.1904: Kenneth Thimann was a famous botanist.1906:  Wassily  Leontief was a Russian-American economist who won the Nobel Prize in 1973. August 6 1859: J. Arthur S. Berson was a famous Austrian meteorologist who made famous hot air balloon flights over the Amazon.1867: James Loeb was a famous American businessman who financially helped to found the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry.1908: Sol Adler was a famous economist who invented Sinophile. August 7 1779: Carl Ritter was the co-founder of the modern science of geography.1783: John Heathcoat invented lace-making machinery.1870: Gustav Krupp was a famous German businessman.1880: Ernst Laqueur was a famous microbiologist who discovered sexual hormones.1886: Louis Hazeltine was the inventor of the  neutrodyne  circuit that made the  radio  possible.  1903: Louis Leakey was a famous anthropologist who won the 1964  Richard  Hooper Medal. August 8 1861: William Bateson was a famous English biologist who invented the term genetics.1901: Ernest Lawrence was a famous scientist and inventor who invented the Cyclotron and won the Nobel Prize in 1939.1902: Paul Dirac was a famous English physicist who invented quantum mechanics and won the Nobel Prize in 1933.1922: Rudi Gernreich was a famous designer who invented the first womens topless swimsuit and the miniskirt.1931: Roger Penrose was a famous English physicist. August 9 1819: William Thomas Green Morton was a dentist that invented the use of ether in  dentistry.1896: Jean Piaget was a famous Swiss developmental psychologist and zoologist.1897: Ralph Wyckoff was a pioneer of x-ray crystallography.1911: William A. Fowler was a famous astrophysicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1983.1927: Marvin Minsky was a famous computer scientist at MIT who made inventions related to artificial intelligence. August 10 1861: Almroth Wright was a famous English bacteriologist. August 11 1858: Christian Eijkman was a famous bacteriologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1929.1926: Bernard Ashley was a famous English fashion designer who founded Laura Ashley.1950:  Steve Wozniak  was a computer inventor and the co-founder of  Apple Computers. August 12 1930:  George Soros is a famous Hungarian businessman and funder  for political movements who was worth $8 billion in 2017. August 13 1655: Johann Christoph Denner was the inventor of the  clarinet.1814: Anders Jonas Engstrom was a Swedish physicist who co-invented the spectroscope.1819: George Gabriel Stokes was a famous physicist and mathematician who co-invented the spectroscope.1888:  John Logie Baird  was a Scottish inventor of a television system.1902: Felix Wankel was a German inventor who invented the Wankel rotary-piston engine.1912: Salvador Luria was an Italian-American biologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1969.1918: Frederick Sanger was an English biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1958 and 1980. August 14 1777:  Hans Christian Oersted  was a famous Dutch physicist and chemist who wrote View of Chemical Law and was an early experimenter in the field of electromagnetism.1861: Bion Joseph Arnold was a famous electrical engineer and inventor.1883:  Ernest Just  was a famous biologist who pioneered cell division.1903: John Ringling North was a famous circus director who co-founded the Ringling Brothers Circus. August 15 1794: Elias Fries was a famous Swedish botanist who invented the  system a  mycologicium.1892: Louis-Victor, Prince of Broglie was a French physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1929.1896: Leon Theremin was an electronic musical instrument inventor who invented the Theremin. August 16 1845: Gabriel Lippmann was a famous French physicist who invented the first color photographic plate and was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physics for this process.1848: Francis Darwin was a famous English scientist and the son of Charles Darwin who carried on his work.1862: Amos Alonzo Stagg was a  football pioneer  and the inventor of the tackling dummy.1892: Harold Foster was a famous cartoonist who invented Prince Valiant.1897: Robert Ringling was a circus master who co-founded the Ringling Brothers Circus.1904: Wendell Stanley was a famous biochemist and the first to crystallize a virus, for which he won the Nobel Prize in 1946. August 17 1870: Frederick Russell invented the first successful typhoid fever vaccine.1906: Hazel Bishop was a famous chemist and  cosmetics  manufacturer who invented the first indelible or smear-proof lipstick. August 18 1834: Marshall Field founded the  Marshall Field Department Store.1883: Gabrielle Coco Chanel was a famous French fashion designer who invented the house of Chanel.1904: Max Factor, Jr. was the CEO of Max Factor Cosmetics and son of the founder and inventor  Max Factor.1927: Marvin Harris was a famous American scientist. August 19 1785: Seth Thomas invented the mass production of  clocks.1906:  Philo T Farnsworth  was the inventor of electronic TV.1919: Malcolm Forbes was a famous publisher who founded Forbes Magazine. August 20 1908: Kingsley Davis was a sociologist who invented the term population explosion. August 21 1660: Hubert Gautier was an engineer who wrote the first book on bridge-building.1907: Roy Marshall was a well-known scientist who narrated The Nature of Things. August 22 1860:  Paul Nipkow  was a German TV pioneer and inventor.1920: Denton Cooley was a heart surgeon who performed the first artificial heart transplant. August 23 1926: Clifford Geertz was a famous cultural anthropologist and ethnographer who described culture as a system of symbols and actions which convey meaning.1928: Vera Rubin was a famous American scientist who discovered dark matter.1933: Manfred Donike was a famous chemist who invented drug testing. August 24 1880: Joshua Cowen was a scientist who helped invent the  flashlight  and invented the electric toy train.1898: Albert Claude was a Belgian cytologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1974 for discoveries of cell structure and function.1918: Ray McIntire was the chemical engineer who invented  styrofoam. August 25 1841: Theodor Kocher was a Swiss surgeon and thyroid specialist who won the Nobel Prize in 1909.1916: Frederick Robbin was an American bacteriologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1954. August 26 1740:  Joseph Montgolfier  was a French aeronaut who invented successful hot air ballooning.1743: Antoine Lavoisier was a famous French scientist who invented the term oxygen.1850: Charles Richet was a French physiologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1913.1906: Albert Sabin was a Russian-American microbiologist who invented the oral polio vaccine.1951: Edward Witten is a famous American mathematician and theoretical physicist who won the 2008 Crafoord Prize in Mathematics. He helped develop string theory and developed mathematical processes to solve the multi-dimensional equations of string theory. August 27 1770: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher and inventor who furthered the field of idealism.1874: Karl Bosch was a German chemist and the founder of BASF who won the Nobel Prize in 1931.1877: Charles Stewart Rolls was a British auto manufacturer and founder of Rolls-Royce Ltd who invented the Rolls-Royce.1890: Man Ray was an American artist and photographer who invented the Dada movement. August 28 865: Rhazes was a famous ground-blazing Persian physician.1878: George Hoyt Whipple was an American astrophysicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1934.1917: Jack Kirby was a famous cartoonist who co-invented the X-Men, Incredible Hulk, Captain America, Fantastic Four, and Thor. August 29 1561: Bartholomeus Pitiscus was a German mathematician who invented trigonometry.1876:  Charles Kettering  was an American inventor who invented the auto self-starter ignition.1904: Werner Forssman was a German urologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1956.1959: Stephen Wolfram was an English computer scientist who invented the computational software Mathematica. August 30 1852: Jacobus Henricus was a Dutch physical chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1901.1884: Theodor Svedberg was a Swedish chemist who worked with colloids and won the Nobel Prize in 1926.1912: Edward Purcell was an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1952.1927: Geoffrey Beene was an American dress designer who won eight Coty Awards.   August 31 1663: Guillaume Amontons was a famous French physicist.1821: Hermann von Helmholtz was a famous German physicist.1870: Maria Montessori was a famous Italian educator who invented the term spontaneous response.1889: A. Provost Idell invented modern volleyball.

The Great Gatsby Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

The Great Gatsby - Essay Example This depiction of the stereotypical women roles is especially true in the 1920’s setting of the novel. In the narration of the story, though it is accurate that the males are the central characters, the women serve to help shape them and make the audience appreciate who they are and why they are such. These women, for the most part, appear like they have no control over their lives and that it is the men who give directions and make the decisions. But all of them are gullible to their relationships. Toward the end nobody knows who is playing who. The women seem like tragic characters but the reader does not always feel for them because a lot of it is their fault. The plot becomes interesting as it revolves around the women and how they serve as the anchor of the events. Daisy Buchanan is the central character that binds the whole thing together. She is perhaps the very reason for the creation of Jay Gatsby, a worldly man created by James Gatz to impress her and sweep her off her feet. From their romantic encounter years earlier, Gatz fell in love with Daisy and created an idea of her he could not let go. Daisy’s marriage to Tom Buchanan started off unusually with the latter’s display of wealth and the pearls which she had privately refused saying â€Å"Tell ‘em all Daisy’s change’ her mine. Say ‘Daisy’s change’ her mine!’† (Fitzgerald 83) but thereafter wore as if nothing happened. From the early days of their marriage Tom’s infidelity was already obvious with a chambermaid in his car during an accident just right after their honeymoon. After marriage, Daisy had become a notorious socialite together with her rich husband. â€Å"They moved with a fast crowd, all of them youn g and rich and wild, but she came out with an absolutely perfect reputation† (ibid 84). Myrtle Wilson lives an equally miserable married life comparable to Daisy’s

Advising a Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advising a Leader - Essay Example the malice of others at least in part.3 In order to do so, we must be somewhat unpredictable.4 We must know our strength.5 We should know when the time is right to act toward independence.6 We must be resolute.7 We should emulate the heroes of history.8 We should prevent any additional scandal.9 We must keep hope alive.10 Corruption is alive and well in our organization, and we should do all we can to rectify that. The challenge is to allow everyone to maintain a sense of dignity in doing so.11 We must act quickly, because to continue on this path is folly.12 Nevertheless, we should expect at least some failure in our comrades and care only to keep the company of those who are honorable.13 We need to live in pragmatism and be seen doing so.14 We must put ourselves on the path to self-sufficiency.15 In so doing, we ought to make use of friendly support from other nations.16 Although we may feel sorry for others, we never want to end up feeling sorry for ourselves.17 The only way to wage this battle is with honor.18 With our opposition party in Gaza, we must care to never fully contend with those who have little to lose.19 Although we should seek conciliation, we do not want to be too week in our discourse.20 We do not want our efforts to inadvertently guide Israel in widening the rift between us.21 We should approach this with measure boldness.22 Still, we should remain flexible.23 We do not be so ceremonious as to seem to be scandal mongers.24 Our goal is consolation power in our nation with merit.25 We are aware there are bad people every where.26 All the same, we should be moderate as we carry out this cause.27 We should act with somber reserve as proof of our prudence.28 We will face insult.29 We maintain enough wisdom to follow through with this in the present.30 We must understand those with whom we are dealing.31 This is a process of renewal for our country.32 We cannot keep taking responsibility for the failings of others, but instead we must know how to

Applications of Positivism in Social Research

Applications of Positivism in Social Research Scientific methodology in sociology, the study of the social world, is most often associated with what is known as the positivist approach. In this essay, to determine whether or not it is indeed possible to apply scientific methods to the study of the social world, I will analyse the strengths and weaknesses of positivist sociology. â€Å"As developed by Auguste Comte, positivism is a way of thinking based on the assumption that it is possible to observe social life and establish reliable, valid knowledge about how it works.† (Johnson p231) This established knowledge was then to be used to affect the course of social change and it would help improve humanity. Comte’s work was in part a reaction to the ‘anarchy’ that besieged France in the wake of the revolution. Comte sincerely believed that scientific rationality could temper the raw human emotions that had lead to such chaos. Sociology, in his definition (and others), literally the science of society, co uld apply such scientific rationalism, empiricism and positivism to social life, thus improving it and preventing continued anarchy. â€Å"Comte believed that social life is governed by underlying laws and principles that can be discovered through the use of methods most often associated with the physical sciences.† (Johnson p231) One would identify the methods of positivism thus; careful observation measurement; quantification; formalisation of concepts precision in definition; operationalisation of theoretical questions mathematisation (connects with all of the previous features; logic and systemisation of theory symmetry of explanation prediction; objectivity understood as value neutrality. â€Å"It consists in deliberately investigating phenomena with the expectations derived from the theory in mind and seeing whether or not the facts actually found agree with these expectations.† (Delanty p52) â€Å"If observed facts of undoubted accuracy will not fit any of the alternatives it leaves open, the system is in need of reconstruction.† (Delanty p53) Positivism, â€Å"Is above all a philosophy of science. As such, it stands squarely within the empiricist tradition. Metaphysical speculation is rejected in favour of positive knowledge based upon systematic observation and experiment. The methods of science can give us knowledge of the laws of coexistence.† (Marshall p510) However, as shall hopefully be shown later, these scientific methods can not show us anything about the inner ‘essences’ or ‘nature’ of things. Broadly speaking structuralism is, â€Å"Used loosely in sociology to refer to any approach which regards social structure (apparent or otherwise) as having priority over social action.† (Johnson p646) Positivism and structuralism are generally highly complementary, positivism effectively being the scientific methodology of structuralism. This can be observed in the works of Comte, Marx, Durkheim and the Vienna circle. Later theorists such as Parsons can also be described as both str ucturalist and positivist although in Parson’s case he does consider certain interpretivist sensibilities. Marx, Durkheim, Comte, the Vienna circle and many others all saw sociology as a science and all believed that social structure was the core component of society. â€Å"Perhaps one of the most important traits in naturalistic or positivistic sociology is the belief that social phenomena are patterned and are subject to deterministic laws much as are the laws governing the natural sciences. Sociological theory then becomes a quest for laws similar to the law of gravity or the law of material density in physics† (Poloma p3) The main difference between the social and natural worlds is that the subject of study in the social world is humanity. People, in basic terms, have a consciousness where as the subjects of the natural sciences, rocks or atoms or chemicals, do not. People are aware of themselves and their surroundings in a way that rocks, for example, are not. This, clearly, is a potential problem for positivist sociology. However, this problem is resolved, in positivist science, by arguing that the self-consciousness of human beings (the ability to think, act and feel) is not a significant factor in our ability to understand social behaviour. This, according to positivists, is because peoples behaviour is, at its genesis, always a reaction to some form of stimulation. This stimulation can be from their socialisation (as we shall see in Parsons work), or it can be something more direct like the need to earn a living or a confrontation with another human. This produces one of the criticisms of positiv ist sociology, as we shall see, action and the meaning placed on that action becomes unimportant for study, only the cause of the action, the stimuli, has any sociological value for positivists. The positivist view of sociology, of its aims, of its methods, is certainly a contentious one. Two of the first sociologists to question these methods, and the first that can be labelled as interpretivist, were Weber and Simmel. â€Å"Weber argues that sociology is not concerned with totalising explanations; only individuals have an ontological reality, society does not exist in that real sense, and so sociological explanations must be in terms of individual events and processes.† (Craib 1997 p51) Rickert’s term of Geisteswissenschaften (literally the sciences of the spirit/mind) greatly influenced Weber’s conception of what sociology should be. The ontological reality which Weber speaks of is that humans are very different from other natural beings. We have free will, an inner life, use symbols, possess language, live in culture and act meaningfully. This ontological reality ensures that humanity cannot be studied using positivist scientific methodology, or any other conventional scientific methodology, sociology must use other methods. While the natural sciences wish to explain natural events, sociology, as understood by Weber, Rickert or Simmel, wishes to understand social action. Social scientists should endeavour to understand social action in very much the same way as one attempts to understand other people, by communicating, through empathy, and through argument. These views are also associated with, and expanded upon, by the philosopher Peter Winch. (Winch 1958) As Weber states, â€Å"Even the knowledge of the most certain propositions of our theoretical sciences – e.g., the exact natural sciences or mathematics is, like the cultivation and refinement of the conscience, a product of culture.† (Delanty p110) In many ways the objective ‘fact’ of scientific enquiry is a fallacy. â€Å"Sociology differs from the natural sciences in that it does not deal with a pre given universe of objects. People attribute meaning to their social world and act accordingly.† (Baert p97) Weber, in his Methodology of The Social Sciences, points out that all knowledge of cultural reality is always from a particular point of view. The philosophical idea that there is no truth, only human opinion is prevalent in this argument. Simmel emphasises and expands upon this point, â€Å"In the last resort the content of any science doesn’t rest on simple objective facts, but always involves an interpretation and shaping of them according to categories and rules that are a priori of the science concerned.† (Stones p74) Any scientific conclusion, be it in the field of physics or sociology, has to be interpreted by its author, then represented by that same author and then reinterpreted by those that read it. In these interpretations any ‘truth’ or ‘law ’ is surrendered to human opinion, human meaning, human understanding. This criticism of positivist sociology is probably best illustrated by a discussion of a classic positivist sociological text, Emile Durkheim’s suicide study. In his study, Durkheim analysed the differential distribution of the occurrence of suicide by country and region. Durkheim professed to have found suicidogenic currents (Durkheim 1963) in society; the pressures to commit suicide, the laws of suicide. â€Å"These are called ‘social currents’†¦They come to each one of us from without and can carry us away in spite of ourselves.† (Delanty p28) Through a positivist, scientific methodology, Durkheim identified the pressures to commit suicide were greater in regions where the Protestant faith was dominant, and weaker where Catholicism dominated. Durkheim’s account posits an external force (suicidogenic currents) as the cause of suicide cause and effect. (Durkheim 1963) However why suicide occurs tends not to be the issue. To say that suicide is caused, not entirely obviously but in part, by the following of the Protestant faith is to assume that the term suicide is a simple one, a fixed one, with no room fo r differing meanings. This view is wrong. What is of importance is how a suicide comes to be defined as such by the coroner’s court. One must remember that a suicide is not an objective fact, but a interpretation, an interpretation that can be influenced by the coroner’s own personal feelings. If a ruling of suicide is likely to cause the deceased’s family pain and suffering, as is likely if they are Catholics, then the coroner may be inclined, where ever possible, to not record a suicide verdict, but an accidental death instead This alerts us to the problematic nature of Durkheim’s, and positivist sociology in general, reliance on statistics. For Durkheim takes those statistics as giving a ‘true’ picture of the incidence of suicide. But do they? Are they rather a representation of the interpretation of suicide as opposed to cold hard objective fact? Interactions/ interpretive work on suicide states that suicide statistics are a construction involving police, courts and coroners. Thus for a death to be counted as a suicide involves a complex social process concerning meaning and interpretation, two unquantifiable characteristics of humanity. Thus suicide is not just the effect of a societal cause, but an interpretation of events, thus not a positivist, scientific event. Therefore if sociologists wish a knowledge of social life, they cannot explain social actors’ action in terms of cause and effect. Rather, they must seek out what the social actors themselves say they are up to, wha t they mean. â€Å"Comte’s view shifted in later life, under the influence of Cloitilde de Vaux. He came to see that science alone could not be a binding force for social cohesion as he had earlier supposed. He argued that the intellect must become the servant of the heart, and advocated a new ‘religion of humanity.’† (Marshall p509) Comte, the originator of the positivist sociological methodology shifted his emphasis away from positivism in his later work, thus exposing the inherent problems and weaknesses at its methodological core. â€Å"Positivism has had relatively little influence in contemporary sociology for several reasons. Current views argue that positivism encourages a misleading emphasis on superficial facts without any attention to underlying mechanisms that cannot be observed.† (Johnson p231) For example, we cannot observe human motives or the meaning that people give to behaviour and other aspects of social life, but this does not me an that meaning and motive are nonexistent or irrelevant. The best way to illustrate the above points is to set them within the context of a positivist sociological study, in this case Parson’s work on personality. For society to function, it is logical according to Parsons to deduce that the individual members of society have to agree with society’s rule. â€Å"For Parsons, the social system is†¦made up of the interactions of individuals. Of special concern is†¦ that such interactions are not random but mediated by common standards of evaluation. Most important among these are moral standards which may be called norms.† (Hamilton p155) When people in society interact the interactions themselves, the emotions that seemingly control them, the goals that the individual actors (people) are hoping to obtain, they are all in fact controlled by the norms of society. â€Å"The concept of order is located predominantly at the level of the social system itself and the cultural system becomes a mechanism of the functioning of the social system.† (Hamilton p146) These norms are adopted and agreed by each member of the society for Parsons and this is his consensus theory. Imp ortantly Parsons’ theory suggests that the power of societal expectations, the power of norms, is more pervasive than merely being a moral standard that mediates interaction and personal relationships. They are in fact the organisational foci of personality, of people themselves. â€Å"Socialisation is the process by which we learn to become members of society, both by internalising the norms and values of society, and also learning to perform our social roles (as worker, friend, citizen and so forth.)† (Marshall p624) The family, for instance, is controlled by the same norms as society because it is that society, just it is a smaller component of it. The subsystems of society are analogous to body parts in the Parsonian model, they are all essential, each provide their own unique function and all interrelate, interpenetrate and are dependent upon one another. Analogous to the human body where each body part has a specific function to perform, and all of those parts work in unison to keep the structure going, so society is organised. Immersion within these subsystems, such as the family leads to internalisations of norms and objects, and this in turn creates personality. Because personality is internalised from society, â€Å"The foci of organisation of both types of system lies in†¦the value systems.† (Parsons p357) The values of society are the values of people, or personality. People are not just guided by the norms of society, but their very personalities are organised by the very same norms and principles and morals, according to Parsons. Thus peoples actions are quantifiable, reducible to a law since they are mediated by common standards. As gravity is a constant, so are the norms of a society and therefore of personality. The positivist law here is that personality, every action of a human is controlled by the same standards of evaluation as society. The person’s personality is derived directly from society, it is society. Thus a scientific study of society is possible because there is cause and effect, there is a reaction to stimuli. Socialisation is the stimulation that people react to. For Parsons, laws can be discerned from humanity because people will react in predictable ways, mediated by norms, to the stimulation of events and socialisation. Thus sociology can be scientific, empirical and positivist. A major problem with Parson’s work is that it reduces human personality to being produced and organised solely by societal expectations and norms. This societal determinism fails to acknowledge or explain where certain feelings, motives and actions originate. Goffman argues that â€Å"it is . . . against something that the self can emerge. . . Without something to belong to, we have no stable self, and yet total commitment and attachment to any social unit implies a kind of selflessness. Our sense of being a person can come from being drawn into a wider social unit; our sense of selfhood can arise through the little ways in which we resist the pull.† (Goffman 196 p305) A favourite example of this for Goffman was that of mental patients in asylums. The total institution of an asylum probably forces more strict adherence to societal expectation than most other social situations by using methods such as drug induced control and disciplinary measures such as EST. Yet in the se institutions, despite being forced to play the role of the mental patient, to conform to societal expectation), patients still resisted those expectations. The hoarding of banned materials being an example of this. The motivation to do this does not come from internalisation of norms, as the correct way to behave is to not horde banned items. It comes from a need to keep ones own identity, to satisfy needs and drives and wants. These needs drives and wants are absent from the Parsonian model and a full understanding or explanation of society and social actions needs to take them into account. â€Å"The maintenance of this surface of agreement, this veneer of consensus, is facilitated by each participant concealing his own wants behind statements which assert values to which everyone present feels obliged to give lip service.† (Goffman 1990 p20-21) The norms and laws that Parsons believes to control personality and society, are revealed by Goffman as only being a veneer. Furthermore Goffman states that other feelings and motives in fact influence social action, not just norms. If, as Goffman claims, the so called common standards of evaluation that Parsons identifies are in fact a veneer that hides other motives and feelings, then the actions of humanity are not as easily quantifiable, reducible to a scientific, positivist law, as Parsons first shows. Freud’s metapsychology deals with the general structure of mental life. For Freud there were three psychic structures. The first, the id, contains, â€Å"those basic drives we have by virtue of being human, of which sexuality is the most important.† (Craib 1989 p3) The Id is often equated to by Freud as being like an infant, demanding immediate satisfaction irrespective of societal expectations. The Id makes up the greatest part of the unconscious and it is in this unconscious realm of basic biologically influenced drives that the motivational forces that Parson’s can not identity come from. The Id influences personality. It is important to remember that, as opposed to biological instincts driving us to act like a shark would, a mindless automaton, â€Å"the unconscious is composed not of biological instincts but of the mental representations we attach to these instincts.† (Craib 1989 p4) Thus each individual creates their own mental representation for the ir drives thus meaning that every persons internal world has a different geography. This clearly poses problems for the positivist approach to personality and society and social action, as represented by Parsons here, for if reaction to stimulation is not predictable because each person acts differently, then universal scientific laws can not be established. The second structure of personality according to Freud, the ego or the ‘I’ is the central organiser of mental life. The third, the superego is thought of as the conscience. â€Å"The superego is the internalisation of external control which demands the renuncification of instinctual satisfaction in order that society might be formed and maintained.† (Craib 1989 p21) The superego is the part of personality that Parson’s identifies the part that internalises norms. The basic drives of the id demand immediate satisfaction, immediate gratification of those drives, these demands are contrary to the superego norms and morality, and the conflict has to be resolved by the ego. Our consciousness, predominantly consisting of the ego and superego, protects us from our own id impulses that, if they were followed, would leave it impossible for us to exist within society. Freud stated that â€Å"Civilisation depends upon repression†¦If we tried to gratify all our d esires, sexual or otherwise, as and when they arose, society, civilisation and culture would vanish over night.† (Craib 1984 p195) For Freud the ‘I’, is the resolution of the conflict between the id biologically directed drives, and the superego’s societal restraints. Therefore personality is the site of the, hopefully, resolved conflict between the normative mind evaluated by common standards as Parsons identifies, and the basic id drives. These Id drives, as I shall show, influence personality thus influence social action and society. This being the case then Parsons’ explanation for personality is insufficient and so is the positivist claim for the scientific study of society. The positivist tenants of careful observation and measurement; quantification; formalisation of concepts precision in definition; operationalisation of theoretical questions; mathematisation; logic and systemisation of theory; symmetry of explanation prediction and objecti vity cannot be applied to individualistic Id drives and impulses. â€Å"The desire to kill anyone who frustrates us thus becomes unconscious, but none the less remains.† (Craib 1989 p24) Evidence for these desires for Freud appears in slips, where the unconscious desire can ‘slip’ into conscious conversation. â€Å"Freud quotes the husband who supposedly said, ‘If one of us two die, I shall move to Paris.† (Craib 1989 p24) One can not scientifically measure how these unconscious desires influence and effect social action, especially since it can be so hard to identify them as existing in the first place. â€Å"A feature of human life is that an instinct such as the sexual instinct is not directed at any one object, but has to be socially channelled, in our society usually towards members of the opposite sex.† (Craib 1989 p4) â€Å"Human beings are restrained by social organisation from a free and good expression of their drives. Through its oppression, society forces people into neuroses and psychoses.† (Craib 1989 p19) For Freud the very problems that he and other psychoanalysts dealt with were in fact often as the result of the repression of id drives by the superego and societal repression. As such the very existence of neuroses and psychoses can be seen as evidence to the fact that this conflict does indeed exist, that the resolution of this conflict does indeed produce the ‘I’ with all its faults and problems. To fully understand society, sociology needs to be aware of societal pressures, the Parson’s personality through positivism, but also nee ds to recognise the other meanings and emotions that cannot be quantified, cannot be analysed scientifically. Sociology needs to use interpretivism and positivism together. In terms of this example, Parsons positivist models needs to be considered at great length and detail as he does indeed identify a huge force in shaping society, that of norms and how they do penetrate into the psyche and personality. However, a study that only concentrates on the positivist methodology misses the crucial aspects of personality that Goffman and Freud identify, and that is not in the interest of any sociologist. â€Å"Positivism may be dead in that there is no longer an identifiable community of philosophers who give its simpler characteristics unqualified support, but it lives on philosophically, developed until it transmutes into conventionalism or realism. And even if in its simpler philosophical forms it is dead, the spirit of those earlier formulations continues to haunt sociology.† (Halfpenny p120) In conclusion positivism’s attempt at scientific sociological methodology, though fallacious is admirable and certainly many of the aspects of positivism should be considered desirable. As quoted elsewhere, â€Å"positivism is a way of thinking based on the assumption that it is possible to observe social life and establish reliable, valid knowledge about how it works.† (Johnson p231) The desire for reliable, valid knowledge is of course a relevant and important sociological aim and some of the tools that positivism uses to try to reach such knowledge are useful and wort hwhile. Careful observation, measurement; quantification; formalisation of concepts precision in definition; operationalisation of theoretical questions; logic and systemisation of theory; symmetry of explanation and prediction and objectivity, if all of these tenants of positivism can at least be attempted in a sociological study then that sociological study will indeed be the better for it. However, sociological study needs to recognise, as Comte himself did, that these aims, in their fullest, are unobtainable and that those aims are not ends in themselves, rather a very rough guide to sociological methodology. As I have hopefully shown above, sociological analysis needs positivism, needs scientific methodology, but a carefully tempered and monitored positivism. The aim of sociology is understanding and that understanding should not be limited by methodology, especially a methodology that is inherently flawed. Positivism shows us how to analyse data, data that is essential to soc iological understand, but that data must not be treated uncritically thus a synthesis of positivism and interpretivism is recommended. To study the social world using a strict scientific methodology is impossible, that does not, of course, mean that scientific methodology is not a useful and critical tool in sociological study. Bibliography Baert, P, 1998. Social theory in the twentieth century. Polity press Craib, I, 1984. Modern social theory. Wheatsheaf books Ltd Craib, I, 1989. Psychoanalysis and social theory the limits of sociology Wheatsheaf Craib, I, 1997. Classical social theory pub by Oxford university press Delanty, G, 2003. Philosophies of social science. Open university. Durkheim, E, 1963. Suicide, a study in sociology. Routledge Goffman, E, 1961 Asylums. Doubleday Anchor Goffman, E, 1990. The presentation of the self in everyday life. Penguin Halfpenny, P, 1986. Positivism and sociology. Routledge Johnson, G 2000 The dictionary of sociology Blackwell Hamilton, P, 1992. Talcott Parsons critical assessments. Routledge Marshall, G 1998. Oxford dictionary of sociology. Oxford university press Parsons, T, The structure of social action Free Press 1949 Poloma, M, 1979. Contemporary sociological theory. MacMillan Stones, R, 1998. Key sociological thinkers. Palgrave Winch, P, 1958. The Idea Of a Social Science. Routledge